An Overview of South Africa’s Major Political Parties: The Democratic Alliance (DA), Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and African National Congress (ANC)

Paul | December 27, 2023 | General, South Africa | 1 Comment

Although the Democratic Alliance in its present form is fairly new, its roots can be traced far back in South African political history, through a complex sequence of splits and mergers. The modern day DA is in large part a product of the white parliamentary opposition to the ruling National Party. The origin of the party can be traced to the mid-1950s when some younger members of the United Party felt that they were not providing strong enough opposition to the National Party and its policy of Apartheid, causing them to break away and form the Progressive Party in 1959. In the 1970s, as it rose to become the official opposition, the party would merge with more splinters from the disintegrating United Party and become known first as the Progressive Reform Party and then as the Progressive Federal Party. The Progressives sought to change the system from within, but in doing so chose to comply with Apartheid legislation outlawing multi-racial membership. During this time, the party was led by liberal-minded opponents of apartheid, such as Jan Steytler, Helen Suzman, Zach de Beer, Colin Eglin, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert and Harry Schwarz.

The Democratic Alliance (DA) is a prominent political party in South Africa, established as a centrist and liberal alternative to the dominant African National Congress (ANC). It was officially founded on 24 June 2000 through the merger of the Democratic Party, the New National Party, and the Federal Alliance.

With its roots in opposition to apartheid, the Democratic Party, one of its predecessor entities, was formed in 1989. The DA positions itself as a party committed to non-racialism, constitutionalism, and a market-driven economy. It advocates for individual freedoms, limited government intervention, and the promotion of equal opportunities for all citizens.

The DA has positioned itself as a significant force in South African politics, challenging the ANC’s political dominance. It has secured victories in various municipalities and provinces, notably the Western Cape, where it has governed since 2009. Helen Zille, former leader of the DA, played a crucial role in the party’s success in the Western Cape.

Over the years, the DA has engaged in efforts to broaden its appeal across diverse demographic groups. It has faced challenges related to issues of racial representation within the party and perceptions of its commitment to transformation and inclusivity.

The party has undergone leadership changes, with Mmusi Maimane serving as the leader from 2015 to 2019, followed by John Steenhuisen. The DA continues to play a pivotal role in the political landscape, contributing to the multiparty system in South Africa.

The Democratic Alliance (DA) has a complex history marked by mergers and realignments:

1959: The Progressive Party breaks away from the United Party.

1975: The Progressive Party merges with Harry Schwarz’s Reform Party to form the Progressive Reform Party.

1977: The Progressive Reform Party merges with the Committee for a United Opposition to create the Progressive Federal Party.

1989: The Progressive Federal Party merges with Denis Worrall’s Independent Party and the National Democratic Movement to form the Democratic Party.

2000: The Democratic Party merges with the New National Party and the Federal Alliance to create the Democratic Alliance (NNP and FA later withdraw).

2010: The Democratic Alliance begins absorbing Patricia de Lille’s Independent Democrats.

2011: The Democratic Alliance absorbs Ziba Jiyane’s South African Democratic Convention.

The DA’s political philosophy revolves around the concept of an “Open Opportunity Society for All.” This philosophy contrasts with what it perceives as the ANC’s approach, characterized as a “closed, crony society for some.” The party’s ideology is rooted in liberal-democratic principles, and it has sought to position itself as a mainstream alternative to the ANC. The DA’s economic policy is centrist, advocating for a mix of high spending on essential social services, a basic income grant, a robust regulatory framework, and moderate policies such as a lower budget deficit and a deregulated labor market. The party sees the state as having a crucial role in socio-economic development without being overly interventionist.

An Overview of The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) – A Political Party in South Africa

The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) is a dynamic and influential political party in South Africa, founded in July 2013 by Julius Malema, Floyd Shivambu, and a cohort of like-minded individuals. Emerging as a radical and leftist movement, the EFF passionately advocates for profound economic and social transformation, seeking to address the deep-seated inequalities and injustices that have long plagued South African society.

The formation of the EFF marked a significant moment in South African politics. At a press briefing held on 26 July 2013 in Soweto, Julius Malema, the charismatic and controversial former president of the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL), announced that the fledgling party had already attracted over 1,000 members. This number was particularly noteworthy as it doubled the 500 members required for official registration with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). This impressive initial support underscored the resonance of the EFF’s message among a substantial segment of the population.

The EFF’s journey to official recognition was not without challenges. Shortly after its formation, the party faced an objection to its registration from the Freedom Front Plus (FF+), a political party that represents the interests of Afrikaners. The FF+ contested the EFF’s registration, likely due to the latter’s radical stance and its potential to disrupt the existing political landscape. However, the objection was dismissed in September 2013, allowing the EFF to become fully registered with the IEC. This dismissal was a critical victory for the EFF, enabling it to participate formally in South African elections and to begin its mission of championing economic freedom and social justice.

From its inception, the EFF has been vocal and uncompromising in its advocacy for the nationalization of key industries, land redistribution without compensation, and the provision of free education and healthcare. These policies are aimed at dismantling the economic structures that perpetuate inequality and at redistributing wealth to benefit the historically disadvantaged majority. The EFF’s manifesto calls for a radical transformation of the South African economy, challenging the status quo and pushing for policies that prioritize the needs of the poor and marginalized.

The EFF’s bold stance and revolutionary rhetoric quickly gained it a significant following, especially among young people and those disillusioned with the slow pace of change under the ruling African National Congress (ANC). The party’s vibrant red berets and militant style became symbols of resistance and a call to action for economic justice. The EFF’s leadership, particularly Julius Malema, has been adept at using both traditional and social media to amplify their message, often employing provocative and confrontational tactics to draw attention to their cause.

However, the EFF’s rise has not been without internal strife. In 2015, the party demonstrated its strict approach to discipline by suspending MP Lucky Twala and expelling three other MPs—Mpho Ramakatsa, Andile Mngxitama, and Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala. These actions were taken following allegations of misconduct and deviations from the party line, highlighting the EFF’s commitment to maintaining ideological purity and organizational cohesion. The expulsion of prominent members underscored the challenges of managing a party characterized by its revolutionary zeal and the strong personalities within its ranks.

The expulsion of Andile Mngxitama, in particular, was significant due to his high profile and his vocal stance on issues of land reform and black consciousness. Mngxitama’s departure, along with the other expulsions, reflected underlying tensions and ideological battles within the party. Despite these internal conflicts, the EFF has continued to grow and assert its influence on the South African political stage.

In the subsequent years, the EFF has solidified its position as a formidable opposition party. It has been relentless in holding the government accountable, often disrupting parliamentary sessions and staging protests to highlight issues of corruption, economic mismanagement, and social injustice. The party’s efforts have not only kept it in the public eye but have also forced other political entities to address the pressing concerns it raises.

The EFF’s impact extends beyond the confines of parliament and into the broader society. Its advocacy has sparked national debates on crucial issues such as land expropriation, economic inequality, and the legacies of apartheid. The party’s ability to mobilize supporters for mass actions and its presence in grassroots communities have reinforced its role as a catalyst for change.

As the EFF continues to navigate the complex terrain of South African politics, it remains steadfast in its mission to bring about radical economic transformation. The party’s unwavering commitment to its principles, despite internal and external challenges, has cemented its reputation as a champion for the disenfranchised and a powerful force in the quest for a more equitable society.

The Economic Freedom Fighters represent more than just a political party; they embody a movement for radical change and social justice in South Africa. From its bold inception in 2013 to its continued activism and influence, the EFF has reshaped the political landscape, challenging entrenched power structures and advocating for the economic and social transformation that many South Africans long for. As the nation continues to grapple with its complex past and present, the EFF stands as a testament to the enduring struggle for economic freedom and equality.

Here is an overview of the EFF:

The EFF was officially launched on July 26, 2013.
Key figures in its formation include Julius Malema, Floyd Shivambu, and other former members of the African National Congress Youth League.
Julius Malema, a charismatic and controversial leader, serves as the party’s Commander-in-Chief.

Ideology and Policies:

The EFF’s ideology is centered around radical economic transformation, social justice, and anti-imperialism.
It calls for the nationalization of mines, banks, and other strategic sectors of the economy.
Land expropriation without compensation is a central policy, aiming to address historical injustices related to land ownership.
The party advocates for free education, healthcare, and other essential services.
The EFF is known for its distinctive red berets and militant rhetoric.

Parliamentary Representation:

The party made a significant impact in the 2014 general elections, becoming the third-largest party in South Africa.
It has consistently increased its support in subsequent elections, maintaining a strong presence in the South African Parliament.

Activism and Controversies:

The EFF is known for its confrontational and disruptive tactics in parliament and public protests.
Julius Malema’s leadership style and statements have sparked controversy, leading to legal challenges and public debates.

Youth Wing:

The EFF has a youth wing known as the EFF Student Command, actively involved in student politics.

International Relations:

The EFF has expressed solidarity with various leftist and anti-imperialist movements globally.

History of The African National Congress (ANC) – The Ruling Political Party in South Africa

ican National Congress (ANC) stands as a prominent political entity in South Africa, tracing its roots to a liberation movement renowned for its staunch opposition to apartheid. Since 1994, following Nelson Mandela’s historic election as President in the first post-apartheid polls, the ANC has been at the helm of the country’s governance. Cyril Ramaphosa, the current President of South Africa, has concurrently served as the ANC’s leader since December 18, 2017.

Established on January 8, 1912, in Bloemfontein under the name South African Native National Congress, the organization initially advocated for the rights of black South Africans. However, with the advent of the National Party government in 1948 and its introduction of institutionalized apartheid, the ANC pivoted its primary objective to opposing this discriminatory policy. The Defiance Campaign of civil disobedience in 1952–53 marked a notable shift in the ANC’s organizational strategies, embracing mass politics and witnessing a surge in its membership.

Facing a ban imposed by the South African government from April 1960 until February 1990, especially in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre, the ANC grappled with state repression that forced many of its leaders into imprisonment on Robben Island. During this exile period, headquartered in Lusaka, Zambia, the ANC focused on a campaign of sabotage and guerrilla warfare against the apartheid regime, collaborating with the South African Communist Party (SACP) through its military wing, uMkhonto we Sizwe, established in 1961. Despite being labeled a terrorist organization by South Africa, the United States, and the United Kingdom, the ANC played a pivotal role in the negotiations to dismantle apartheid after the ban was lifted in 1990.

In the post-apartheid landscape, the ANC continues to perceive itself primarily as a liberation movement, although it functions as a registered political party. Maintaining its Tripartite Alliance with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, the ANC has consistently secured a significant electoral majority nationally and in most provinces. Having produced each of South Africa’s presidents since 1994, the country is acknowledged as a dominant-party state. However, the ANC has faced a gradual decline in its electoral majority since 2004, with the 2021 local elections witnessing its national vote share dropping below 50% for the first time. Over the past decade, the party has been entangled in various controversies, particularly concerning widespread allegations of political corruption among its members.

The African National Congress (ANC) is a political party in South Africa with a rich and complex history deeply intertwined with the country’s struggle against apartheid. Here is an overview of the ANC:

Formation and Early Years (1912-1940s):

The ANC was founded on January 8, 1912, in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Its establishment marked a response to the racial discrimination and oppressive policies of the time.
Initially, the ANC focused on fighting for the rights of black South Africans and creating a platform for political expression.

Defiance Campaign and Apartheid (1940s-1950s):

The ANC adopted a more assertive stance against discriminatory laws during the 1940s.
The Defiance Campaign of the 1950s involved mass protests against apartheid laws, leading to the arrest of ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela.

Sharpeville Massacre and Armed Struggle (1960-1960s):

The Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, where police killed anti-passbook protesters, marked a turning point. The ANC was banned, and some members, including Mandela, moved toward armed resistance.
The ANC formed Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), an armed wing, in 1961, with Mandela as its leader.

Rivonia Trial and Mandela’s Imprisonment (1960s-1980s):

The Rivonia Trial in 1964 led to Mandela and other ANC leaders receiving life sentences for their involvement in sabotage activities.
Mandela spent 27 years in prison, becoming a global symbol of the anti-apartheid struggle.

End of Apartheid and Transition (1990-1994):

Apartheid began to crumble in the early 1990s, leading to negotiations between the ANC and the apartheid government.
In 1990, President F.W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, and Mandela was released from prison.
The ANC played a crucial role in the negotiations that led to the first democratic elections in 1994.

Post-Apartheid Era (1994-Present):

The ANC won the 1994 elections, and Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president.
The ANC has remained the dominant political party in South Africa, winning subsequent elections. However, it has faced criticism for issues such as corruption, economic challenges, and service delivery.

Challenges and Transformations:

In recent years, the ANC has grappled with internal divisions, leadership challenges, and criticism for perceived failures in governance.
The party continues to evolve in response to the changing socio-political landscape in South Africa.

The ANC’s journey reflects the broader history of South Africa, encompassing the struggles against colonialism, apartheid, and efforts to build a democratic and inclusive nation.